Rick Halperin
2018-10-12 13:46:31 UTC
Oct. 12
MARYLAND:
Author speaks on death row inmate exonerated through DNA evidence
Students listened to author Tim Junkin present his findings on the 1st death
row inmate exonerated by DNA evidence at Salisbury University Thursday night.
Junkin is the author of the novels "Bloodsworth: The True Story of the First
Death Row Inmate Exonerated by DNA Evidence," "The Waterman: A Novel of the
Chesapeake Bay" and "Good Counsel." Junkin is a practicing attorney and an
award-winning novelist who resides in Maryland.
All 3 of his novels take place on the Eastern Shore. His novel "Bloodsworth:
The True Story of the First Death Row Inmate Exonerated by DNA Evidence" is the
2018 One Maryland One Book selection.
Kirk Bloodsworth is the 1st American to be sentenced to the death penalty and
be exonerated due to DNA evidence. Bloodsworth was convicted in 1985 for the
1984 1st-degree murder and rape of Dawn Hamilton.
Police captured Bloodsworth in his home when he was 22 years old. He was later
gassed multiple times in prison.
Bloodsworth was released 19 years after his arrest.
Bloodsworth is now a national spokesperson for prison reform and has gone on
tour with Junkin presenting the novel. Bloodsworth was exonerated in 2004, but
the death penalty was not eradicated in the state of Maryland until 2013.
The United States spends over $80 billion on incarceration each year. The
United States comprises about 5 % of the world's population, but it houses
approximately 25 % of the world's prisoners.
The death penalty is used disproportionately against minorities, with 50 % of
death row inmates being black.
Junkin said that Bloodsworth became a symbol of hope and justice for people
after speaking on their book tour and speaking at law schools together. He said
Bloodsworth is a symbol of wrongful conviction and the problem of mass
incarceration in the U.S.
"We have a burgeoning crisis of mass incarceration in our prison system,"
Junkin said.
Bloodsworth was represented by lawyer Bob Warren. At the time of Bloodsworth's
conviction, only 2 labs in the country were performing DNA testing.
In the United States, 162 people have been exonerated from death row after
Bloodsworth.
DNA evidence has convicted the serial sexual offender and rapist Kimberly Shay
Ruffner as the killer of the 9-year-old girl whose body was found in Rosedale.
Ruffner was an absolute DNA match with the semen and blood samples found on
Hamilton's clothing.
Junkin's novel has experienced a renaissance in popularity recently despite
having been released in 2004. Junkin said the themes of justice and wrongful
conviction still ring true to audiences in 2018.
"I think it's got some really important parallels for today," Junkin said.
"Everybody that comes in contact with him thinks he's innocent."
Junkin read about Bloodsworth's case in the newspaper and was inspired to find
the truth. He studied police notes and the grand jury testimony, and he spoke
directly to Bloodsworth and the people working the case.
He researched his case as an investigative journalist, speaking to every source
that was willing to talk to him. He said the only people who refused to talk to
him were the 2 homicide detectives in charge of the case.
He decided that creating a 1st-person narrative from Bloodsworth's point of
view would be the best way to create sympathy and understanding with the
reader, but he also only wanted to write information that was factual in his
novel.
"Of course I wanted to write this story from Kirk's perspective," Junkin said,
"But, I also wanted to write from the perspective of the investigators and the
prosecutors."
Junkin believes that people in the community wanted to accept Bloodsworth as
the killer without DNA evidence because it gave them a sense of security for
their children. He said they wanted a simple case of justice that was solved
quickly.
"The community is terrified," he said, "And they're afraid to let their kids
out of the house."
Bloodsworth had weed in his shoes and was sweating nervously after having a
fight with his wife at the time his psychological profile was performed. Junkin
said this profile led the police to "key in on Kirk."
The case also relied on 10- and 7-year-old eyewitnesses who described a tan,
blond, mustached man. Junkin said that Bloodsworth had red hair and pale skin
that did not tan.
Junkin believed that Bloodsworth was innocent, but he did not want to make any
assumptions as he investigated his case.
Molly Welch, a social work and community health major, thought the lecture was
insightful and had an interest in the case because she wants to specialize in
the criminal justice field of social work. Welch grew up in Somerset County
around a family working in law enforcement, and she said working with people in
this field has made both her and her family stronger.
Welch said people are "quick to jump to conclusions" whenever a child is harmed
because people want to keep children innocent and safe. She thinks adults are
better able to protect themselves than children, and children are also less
mentally developed than adults.
"You wanna feel safe as a society, but you also don't wanna put others at risk
and not have them be safe," Welch said. "In this country, we have a problem
with knee-jerk reactions, and especially when it comes to children because we
wanna protect children- we love children."
Brittany Tignor, a Snow Hill High School librarian, took a group of students
who read the novel and were interested in the case on a field trip to learn
more from the author himself. She thought her students found the lecture very
informative, and she felt the lecture clarified things for both her and her
students, especially the question and answer portion.
Tignor feels that people wanted a quick and decisive ending to the case because
uncertainty is uncomfortable to live with. She said people wanted clear
answers, not a list of possibilities to choose from.
"It's a great example of how broken our system has become," Tignor said. "I
understood the prosecutor and the investigators' desire to solve the case, but
I didn't understand the desire to just, like, find somebody to pin it on and be
done with it."
Tignor enjoyed Junkin's novel, not from the perspective of the crime drama, but
from the perspective of the characters. She said the novel made her believe in
Bloodsworth's innocence and made her root for his character.
"As a former English teacher, I am not a big fan of crime drama - I'm not
really a big fan of law books in general, but I loved how Tim Junkin made me
care about the characters and sort of wove the characters throughout the
process of the court system and everything," Tignor said. "You become very
attached to Kirk ... and you're sort of cheering him on through the whole
thing."
(source: thesuflyer.com)
NORTH CAROLINA:
A year later, district attorney pursues death penalty despite odds in
Pasquotank prison break case
Despite the odds, a district attorney is pursuing the death penalty for the 4
prisoners charged with killing a manager, a mechanic and 2 corrections officers
in the deadliest prison escape attempt in the state's history.
The case meets almost every standard for capital punishment, said Andrew
Womble, district attorney for northeastern North Carolina.
But the reality is that it's been 12 years since an inmate was executed in
North Carolina, according to the state’s Department of Corrections. The state
has 141 inmates on death row. The oldest case goes back to 1985, and the most
recent one is from 2016, according to the state.
"The death penalty is all but extinct in North Carolina," according to a report
by The Center for Death Penalty Litigation, a Durham, N.C. nonprofit. "It is a
relic of another era."
For the district attorney, the effort is worth pursuing. The circumstances of
the brutal killings, he said, are enough to justify the punishment he is
seeking.
"These 4 scream for the death penalty," Womble said in an interview this week.
"I feel incredibly confident about this case."
Escape attempt
A year ago today, 4 prisoners started a fire inside the Pasquotank Correctional
Institution north of Elizabeth City and attempted to escape. During the chaos,
4 employees were killed with hammers and scissors from a sewing plant inside
the facility off U.S. 17 where the prisoners worked.
Mikel Brady, Jonathan Monk, Seth J. Frazier and Wisezah Buckman were charged
with 1st-degree murder. Killed were Veronica Darden, manager of the sewing
plant, Geoffrey Howe, a mechanic, and corrections officers Justin Smith and
Wendy Shannon. All 4 prisoners were serving time for violent crimes.
The prison was short 84 positions, about 1/4 of the recommended staff,
according to a report released in January by the The National Institute of
Corrections. One correctional officer and 3 staff members oversaw 30 inmates at
the sewing plant where they made high-visibility vests for highway workers and
embroidered uniforms. Deadly tools such as scissors with 6-inch blades and claw
hammers were distributed by inmates rather than staff, as required, according
to the report. Prisoners were able to come and go from the sewing area without
a search. Doors to other parts of the prison that should have been secured were
left unlocked.
The prisoners used hammers and scissors to bash the victims in the head and
chest, according to autopsy reports. One was stabbed more than 65 times,
according to one autopsy report.
Prison administrator Felix Taylor and his second-in command Colbert Respass
were removed from their posts. Taylor was reassigned and Respass retired.
Dennis Daniels, an experienced North Carolina prison administrator, was
appointed to lead the Pasquotank facility.
On Wednesday, The Virginian-Pilot confirmed that the families of the victims
have hired lawyers.
"This was a tragedy waiting to happen," Cate Edwards, of the Raleigh law firm
Edwards Kirby, said in an email Wednesday. She is the daughter of former
senator and presidential candidate John Edwards.
"We are working on taking broad legal action because four people needlessly
lost their lives," she said. "These people were public servants and deserved
better, safer working conditions from this state."
Chicago attorney Donnya Banks is co-counsel for the families of Darden, Smith
and Shannon. Banks had no comment.
"Brutal murders" In laying out his argument for the death penalty, Womble, the
district attorney, said that 9 of 11 aggravating factors needed in such a case
apply, though no trial date has been set. Those circumstances include that the
acts were cruel, they endangered many people and were committed against prison
officers, he said. A jury only needs 1 factor to give a death sentence, he
said.
The deadly escape was premeditated, he said. The people killed were
"sympathetic victims," he said, rather than criminals killing other criminals.
The prisoners were captured on the spot just after the murders.
"This is not a 'who-done-it' case," Womble said. "We got it all."
Rep. Bob Steinburg, R-Chowan supports Womble. Steinburg, who represents
Pasquotank County, said he has spoken extensively with family members and
correctional officers about the escape attempt.
"These were brutal, brutal murders,' he said. "One woman was nearly
decapitated. I think as people become aware of the details of this case, it
will change a lot of hearts and minds."
State executions stalled
Executions in North Carolina have been stalled by lawsuits over racial bias and
lethal injection drugs, said Gretchen Engel, executive director of the Center
for Death Penalty Litigation.
6 capital cases await a hearing before the state's Supreme Court to decide if
race played a role in jury selection. A study showed the state's prosecutors
struck black jurors at roughly double the rate of others, according to the
Death Penalty Information Center.
Additionally, a lawsuit is pending in Wake County Superior Court where several
prisoners claim lethal injection is cruel and unusual punishment, Engel said.
"There will be no executions as long as they are pending in court," she said.
While Engel acknowledges extreme murder cases, the system as a whole remains
flawed, she said.
"You're bound to have arbitrary results," she said.
One of the primary cases cited is that of Henry McCollum, who spent 30 years on
death row for the murder and rape of an 11-year-old girl before DNA evidence
exonerated him in 2014.
In the 1990s, most death row inmates were sentenced under different laws, The
Center for Death Penalty Litigation report said. Legislation passed since then
guarantees that death row defendants get trained defense attorneys and have the
right to see all evidence in their cases, among other things.
A 2013 survey showed 68 % of North Carolina residents supported replacing
capital punishment with life without parole as long as the offender worked and
paid restitution to the victim's family, according to the Death Penalty
Information Center in Washington.
But the Pasquotank prison break attempt also raised questions about allowing
violent offenders to work.
Another argument against executions? Defendants can be imprisoned for life and
not harm anyone, Womble said.
"These guys can't say that," he said of those accused in the Pasquotank County
case. "They were in prison."
(source: The Virginian-Pilot)
TENNESSEE:
Haslam Grants Edmund Zagorski Reprieve From Execution
Tennessee Gov. Bill Haslam today made the following statement on death row
inmate Edmund Zagorski:
"I am granting to Edmund Zagorski a reprieve of 10 days from execution of the
sentence of death imposed upon by him by a jury in 1984 which was scheduled to
be carried out later today. I take seriously the responsibility imposed upon
the Tennessee Department of Correction and me by law, and given the federal
court's decision to honor Zagorski's last-minute decision to choose
electrocution as the method of execution, this brief reprieve will give all
involved the time necessary to carry out the sentence in an orderly and careful
manner."
(source: tn.gov)
***********************
Supreme Court rejects Tennessee death row inmate efforts
The U.S. Supreme Court rejected two last-ditch efforts to save the life of
Tennessee death row inmate Edmund Zagorski, apparently clearing the way for his
execution despite a delay caused by legal wrangling.
The court rejected a challenge of Tennessee's lethal injection protocol and
lifted a stay of execution ordered by a lower court because of inadequate
counsel.
The court issued the rulings Thursday night around the time Zagorski's
execution had been scheduled. But earlier in the day, Gov. Bill Haslam granted
a 10-day reprieve to give the state time to prepare for an execution by
electric chair.
It was not immediately clear what options Zagorski's attorneys have in the wake
of the decisions by the court and the governor.
"We are reviewing the court's opinion and will assess what options we have,"
his lawyer, Kelley Henry, wrote in an email.
Zagorski had asked to die in the electric chair earlier in the week, instead of
lethal injection, which he argued was cruel and unusual punishment and
therefore unconstitutional.
The state denied the request, arguing that Zagorski missed the deadline, but
hours before the scheduled execution, a federal judge blocked the state from
using its 3-drug cocktail.
Zagorski was sentenced in 1984 for the slayings of 2 men during a drug deal.
Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Stephen Breyer dissented from the
majority's decision not to stay the execution, with Sotomayor writing that
those sentenced to die "are not entitled to pleasant deaths under the Eighth
Amendment, but they are entitled to humane deaths.
"The longer we stand silent amid growing evidence of inhumanity in execution
methods like Tennessee's, the longer we extend our own complicity in
state-sponsored brutality."
Zagorski had been set to be executed at 7 p.m. Thursday, but that was halted
after the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on Wednesday granted a stay over
concerns of inadequate representation.
As the state rushed to appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn the ruling
and ensure the execution took place as scheduled, a separate federal judge
barred the state from using lethal injection to kill Zagorski after it refused
his request to die in the electric chair.
Tennessee is one of only of nine states that allow electrocutions. The last
electrocution in the U.S. took place in Virginia in January 2013.
Zagorski had asked to die by electrocution just days before his execution
because he said the three-drug cocktail the state used constituted cruel and
unusual punishment and violated his constitutional rights.
However, the state denied his request, arguing Zagorski waited too long to ask
for the electric chair. U.S. District Judge Aleta Trauger disagreed with that
decision and barred the state's lethal injection method so both Zagorski's
request could be honored and more time would be allowed to review the state's
lethal cocktail.
Haslam then granted the reprieve.
"I take seriously the responsibility imposed upon the Tennessee Department of
Correction and me by law," Haslam said in a statement. "And given the federal
court's decision to honor Zagorski's last-minute decision to choose
electrocution as the method of execution, this brief reprieve will give all
involved the time necessary to carry out the sentence in an orderly and careful
manner."
Shortly after the Republican governor's announcement, the Department of
Correction said it would return Zagorski to death row after moving him to a
"death watch" cell earlier this week.
The Republican governor had said he wouldn't intervene in Zagorski's case.
The temporary reprieve will be in effect until Oct. 21. It's still unknown when
Zagorski's new execution date will be set.
"Tennessee's death penalty statute makes it clear that Mr. Zagorski has the
right to choose execution by electrocution," Henry said. "While being burned
alive and mutilated via electricity is not a good death, Mr. Zagorski knows
that death by electric chair will be much quicker than lethal injection using
midazolam, a paralytic, and potassium chloride."
Zagorski was sentenced in 1984 in the slayings of John Dotson and Jimmy Porter.
Prosecutors said Zagorski shot the men, then slit their throats after robbing
them in Robertson County in April 1983. The victims had planned to buy
marijuana from Zagorski.
He's been on death row for 34 years, the 2nd longest in Tennessee.
Zagorski's decision to ask for electrocution was based on evidence that
Tennessee's lethal injection method would cause him 10 to 18 minutes of mental
and physical anguish. He argues the electric chair will be quicker even if it
means being set on fire.
In Tennessee, death row inmates whose offenses came before January 1999 can
choose either lethal injection or the electric chair. The last time Tennessee
put someone to death by electrocution was in 2007.
(source: Associated Press)
******************
Prosecutor who called for Zagorski's death penalty speaks out after reprieve
granted
Death row inmate Edmund Zagorski's execution was initially slated for Thursday
evening, until Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam granted the convicted killer a
10-day reprieve. Haslam decided to give Zagorski more time after a judge
granted his last minute decision of choosing the electric chair instead of the
3-drug lethal injection method. The governor said he wants to make sure
officials have enough time to prepare and correctly carry out the process.
Sumner County District Attorney Ray Whitley called for the death penalty back
in February 1984 when Zagorski was convicted for shooting 2 people, then
cutting their throats over a marijuana deal.
"He shot them out in the woods and before they were dead, he went over and slit
their throats and slaughtered them, and left them there," Whitley says. "They
weren't found for 2 more weeks."
The victims of the crime were John Dale Dotson and Jimmy Porter.
"There's no question about his guilt," says Whitley. "I don't think anyone,
even Mr. Zagorski at this point, questions his guilt."
Court documents show that since his sentence, Zagorski has made several appeals
to Whitley's decision.
The death row inmate's current appeal claims he has had inadequate counsel and
ineffective assistance at trial. That's something Whitley disagrees with,
saying Zagorski was represented by two very qualified people. One became a
circuit judge for many years, the other later served as president of the
Tennessee Bar Association.
He added that Zagorski has had nothing but excellent representation since his
conviction. He believes he would have killed again if he had the chance.
And while calling for the death penalty is not an easy decision, Whitley says
it's a call he would likely make again today.
"I would like to see justice done," Whitley says. "It's an appropriate
punishment for the type of crime that was committed and that's what justice is
all about."
Whitley also says that while back in 1984 life without parole was not an
option, it's unfair to go back 34 years and question jurors on whether they'd
change their options if they had that option.
(source: WZTV news)
*******************
Here's The Horrifying History Of The Electric Chair That Might Soon Kill An
Inmate In Tennessee----Documents obtained by BuzzFeed News show the original
sales pitch for the Tennessee machine in 1985. The chair has only been used
once so far.
A Tennessee death row prisoner hoping to avoid a lethal injection he believes
would be "torture" just won a major victory in his battle to choose how the
state will kill him. If Edmund Zagorski is to be executed, a federal judge
ruled on Thursday, the state will have to use the electric chair.
The decision, if it holds, would result in the first electric chair death in
Tennessee since 2007, and the first in the US since 2013. Gov. Bill Haslam
granted a 10-day reprieve to Zagorski on Thursday to "give all involved the
time necessary to carry out the sentence in an orderly and careful manner."
Although dying by electrocution can be incredibly gruesome, it's more reliably
lethal than drug injections. Until the 1990s, electric chairs were common
across the country. But all states eventually turned to lethal injection as
their primary choice, over concerns that electric chairs were too barbaric,
particularly for viewers. 9 states permit the use of the electric chair, but
just 2 - Virginia and South Carolina - have used one in the past 10 years.
Documents obtained by BuzzFeed News show the original 1985 sales pitch for the
construction of Tennessee's current machine, as well as reservations by its
creator - a Holocaust denier who falsely presented himself to the Tennessee
Department of Correction as an engineer - decades later, when he feared that
modifications would make the chair "an instrument of torture."
On at least one occasion after the chair was installed, experts disagreed about
the exact configuration of current and voltage that would lead to a humane
death. The documents also include several versions of a checklist for operating
the chair, one of which ends with the instruction: "LEAVE EXHAUST FAN ON!!!"
The inmate who wants to die in this chair, 63-year-old Zagorski, was convicted
for the murder of two men in April 1983. Zagorski lured John Dotson and Jimmy
Porter into the woods in northern Tennessee, under the pretense that they were
buying at least 100 pounds of marijuana. According to court documents, Zagorski
instead shot and slit the throats of the 2 men, and took the thousands of
dollars that they brought for the drugs. He was sentenced to death a year
later.
Of the 30 states that still have the death penalty, 21 do not have the electric
chair as an option. And two of those states have explicitly ruled that
electrocution is unconstitutionally cruel: In Georgia's ruling banning the
device's use, for example, the state Supreme Court cited expert testimony
suggesting the alternating current "could repetitively activate the brain,
causing the perception of excruciating pain and a sense of extreme horror."
Experts in that case had also said that the voltage sequence used in the
execution could stop the heart, only to start it up again.
The Nebraska court, in its ruling, cited expert testimony claiming that a chair
caused a prisoner's skin to reach "a temperature of 200 degrees." It noted that
protocol required a fire extinguisher be kept nearby, and that witnesses of
past executions had described smoke emerging from a prisoner's leg, and
reported smelling burning flesh in the viewing room.
Both court rulings mentioned the possibility of burns to the head from "the
sloughing or 'slippage' of a large portion of the scalp," and "sagging skin on
the sides of the prisoner's head from the temple areas and cheeks to above and
behind the ears."
Although the electric chair can result in grisly outcomes, lethal injection
actually has a higher rate of botched attempts than electrocution. Tennessee,
like several other states, employs a 3-drug lethal injection protocol: 1st a
sedative akin to Valium, then 2 incredibly painful drugs - a paralytic and
potassium chloride. If the inmate is not properly anesthetized by the 1st drug,
the final 2 drugs would feel like being buried alive and then burned alive,
according to medical experts. The sedative Tennessee hopes to use, midazolam,
has been implicated in several botched executions over the past few years.
Although the electric chair can result in grisly outcomes, lethal injection
actually has a higher rate of botched attempts than electrocution.
Zagorski, along with dozens of other death row inmates, sued the state, arguing
this method constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. On Monday, three days
before Zagorski's scheduled execution, the Tennessee Supreme Court disagreed,
finding that the inmates had not met their burden of coming up with a better
way to be killed. The inmates had proposed using another drug, but the state
said it couldn't be obtained.
Within hours of Monday's ruling, Zagorski asked to be killed by the electric
chair, to avoid a lethal injection he says would be torture. In Tennessee,
inmates sentenced to death before 1999 have a choice between the chair and
lethal injection.
But the Tennessee Department of Correction swiftly rejected his request. The
state argued that Zagorski needed to make his decision weeks before, by Sept.
27. TDOC Deputy Commissioner of Administration and General Counsel Debra Inglis
told Zagorski's attorney that he would have to die by lethal injection.
On Wednesday, Zagorski's lawyer filed an emergency motion to compel the state
to consider his request, arguing the deadline the state set was arbitrary and
not in the statute. On Thursday, a federal judge ruled in Zagorski's favor and
prohibited the state from executing the inmate by any method other than the
electric chair.
Zagorski's execution is still on hold, however. Late on Wednesday, the US Court
of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit stayed his execution over concerns that he had
inadequate representation during his original trial in 1984.
"Tennessee's death penalty statute makes it clear that Mr. Zagorski has the
right to choose execution by electrocution," Kelley Henry, an attorney for
Zagorski, said in an emailed statement. "While being burned alive and mutilated
via electricity is not a good death, Mr. Zagorski knows that death by electric
chair will be much quicker than lethal injection using midazolam, a paralytic,
and potassium chloride."
BuzzFeed News asked the state's Department of Correction for the chair's
execution protocols, manuals, logs of quarterly equipment checks, and related
records. The documents show that the state's current chair was made by Fred
Leuchter Jr., a Boston man who would eventually be charged with fraud for
practicing engineering without a license. He was also the author of a report
that attempted to show that the Holocaust gas chambers were not used to kill
people.
Leuchter had advised more than a dozen states on execution equipment of various
types, but by 1990, according to a New York Times report at the time, states
were finding that his methods fell short. The Illinois Department of
Corrections terminated his contract after an expert testified that one machine,
used to inject potassium cyanide, "would cause the prisoner unnecessary pain,
consisting of a severe burning sensation."
Starting in 1985, documents show, he corresponded with the Tennessee State
Penitentiary about the benefits of his electrocution machine. In October 1987,
he sent a quote for execution equipment to a warden, noting that the company
had equipment in many states throughout the US, "including hardware for
electrocution, lethal injection, Gas chambers, and gallows."
Leuchter completed the installation of the electrocution system at the
Riverbend Maximum Security Institution in November 1989. A purchase order dated
June 1989 and issued to Fred A Leuchter Associates Inc. indicates he was paid
$41,844 for "movement, renovation, and repair of the electrical equipment,"
including labor and materials. Additionally, the state purchased a "modular
power supply test unit" for $5,900.
A manual that Leuchter provided to Riverbend included detailed descriptions of
how the chair worked, instructions on how to disengage the prisoner after the
execution, and how to clean the chair.
According to this manual, the chair itself was made of oak - Leuchter claimed
it included wood from Tennessee's 1st electric chair - and had an adjustable
backrest, as well as a removable drip pan. Its 2 ankle electrodes were made of
brass, and a 3rd electrode - a "tightly fitting cap" - would ensure that the
current would pass "through the complete trunk of the subject's body."
There were also medical notes about the device explaining that one had to
consider both the "conscious and the autonomic nervous system” for the best
outcome. Calculations for "an average man weighing 70 kilos" estimated the
right voltage that would stop the heart and "minimize body damage (cooking)."
One version of the manual included the disclaimer that the company "assumes no
liability for the intended or actual use of this device."
Leuchter trained 19 employees and even made his own certificates to say that
each was an "Electrocution Technician."
The documents also revealed that technical experts disagreed sharply on the
most humane way to administer an electric current with the goal of killing a
person.
In April 1994, as part of a lawsuit, an outside expert visited the prison,
inspected the equipment and wrote in a report to the state attorney general
that the electric current typically used was too low and that the machine "does
not seem to have the capacity to function with a typical load for an
execution."
The facility hired an engineer from Arkansas, Jay Wiechert, who helped
implement a series of modifications, including increasing the amount of current
that would flow during an execution, and changing the timing of the
electrocution cycle.
But the Leuchter camp disagreed with those changes.
"These modifications may result in 'tissue cooking' of the executee, and
further, fibrillation of the executees heart resulting in failure to execute
and a brain dead vegetable at the conclusion of the execution procedure,' John
V. Maye, president of JVM, the firm that had acquired rights to Leuchter's
designs and technology, wrote to the associate warden at Riverbend in April
1996.
Maye called the modifications, particularly the change in cycle timing,
"dangerous" and said that the changes voided the guarantee with Leuchter's
firm, which JVM had now acquired.
"We bear no legal liability in this matter except to advise you of these
conditions and the possibility of torture of the inmate if an execution is
carried out with the modified equipment."
Riverbend warden Ricky Bell replied in September that year asking that JVM
provide documentation "that the system will not function as expected, and
further, to refute the modifications recommended" by the other 2 experts. (No
reply was ever received, he wrote in a 2006 memo.)
Wiechert continued to visit and examine the equipment through at least 2007 -
the year it was used for the 1st time, to execute convicted murderer Daryl
Holton.
The day before Holton's execution, Leuchter told the City Paper that he had
reservations about if the chair would work - he worried that the voltage was
too low and that the chair would fall short of its lethal goal, leaving the
inmate brain dead. He reportedly even petitioned then-Tennessee Gov. Phil
Bredesen to halt its use. (Leuchter could not be reached by phone or Facebook
message.)
Holton did die. His body tensed and arched upward with each of the 2 blows of
electricity, according to a news report.
Zagorski would be only the 2nd person to die in the chair since. "I don't want
to be tortured with those drugs," he told the Nashville Scene earlier this
week, "but I am not afraid of death."
(source: BuzzFeedNews)
NEBRASKA:
Texas offers model for death penalty
The state of Texas has used lethal injection as its method of executing death
row inmates since 1982. During this period of time, Texas has used legally
obtained drugs in more than 400 executions. Though difficulty in purchasing
lethal injection drugs has forced Texas to reduce its 3-drug cocktail to a
single fatal dose, its execution protocol is swift and humane.
After 35 years of Texas using legal execution drugs, it is obvious to me that
Nebraska Director of Corrections Scott Frakes should be communicating with the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice as to where they obtain these drugs, so
that Nebraska will follow the lawful order of the judges who sentenced these
men on death row to be executed according to the law.
Sadly, if Nebraska takes the men off death row and gives them life sentences,
our own Board of Pardons or Parole Board could, in 15 or 20 years, find them
rehabilitated and parole them. I personally know of 1 inmate who received 2
life sentences and was paroled 17 years later.
John Wheat Sr., Lincoln
Retired, Nebraska Department of Correctional Services
(source: Letter to the Editor, Lincoln Journal Star)
SOUTH DAKOTA:
Final moments: The execution process in South Dakota
With Rodney Berget's execution scheduled for the fall, the inmate convicted of
murdering a prison guard in 2011 will soon join a small cohort of South
Dakotans: Those put to death by the state.
Berget will be the 19th person to be executed in South Dakota, which saw its
last death sentence carried out in 2012. A warrant for execution was issued on
Wednesday morning by Attorney General Marty Jackley.
Few and far between
Only 18 people have been executed by the state in South Dakota's history. The 5
most recent are:
Donald Eugene Moeller: Executed by lethal injection on October 30, 2012 for the
1990 rape and murder of 9-year-old Becky O'Connell.
Eric Robert: Executed by lethal injection on October 15, 2012 for the 2011
murder of correctional officer R.J. Johnson.
Elijah Page: Executed by lethal injection on July 11, 2007 for the murder of
Chester Allan Poage.
George Sitts: Executed by electrocution on April 8, 1947 for murdering state
criminal agent Thomas Matthews and Butte County Sheriff Dave Malcolm.
Joe Rickman: Hanged on December 3, 1913 for murdering Ellen Fox and her
daughter, Mildred.
That the state has few and far between death penalties demonstrates the
severity of the sentence, according to Attorney General Jackley.
"That demonstrates (that) investigators and prosecutors, courts and juries,
have really reserved capital punishment for the most heinous crimes - those
individuals that pose an ongoing danger to the public," he said.
The execution process
Berget is scheduled to die by lethal injection any time between Oct. 28 and
Nov. 3, 2018. South Dakota State Penitentiary Warden Darin Young will choose
the date and time of the execution.
"We will be ready to carry out the order of the court," South Dakota Department
of Corrections secretary Denny Kaemingk said in a statement.
Department of Corrections spokesman Michael Winder declined requests for
interviews regarding the upcoming execution.
The 3 most recent South Dakota executions were carried out by lethal injection.
Elijah Page died by a 3-drug cocktail of sodium pentothal, pancuronium bromide
and potassium chloride, while Eric Robert and Donald Moeller were both given a
single drug, pentobarbital.
South Dakota Department of Corrections policy states that inmates can be
executed by either of the 2 methods above or by a 2-drug cocktail of
pentobarbital and pancuronium bromide. The DOC has not stated the method by
which Berget will be executed.
Directly before the execution, 2 IVs are inserted into the inmate's arms,
including 1 as a backup method in case the 1st fails. The inmate is then given
an opportunity to make a final statement before the fatal drugs are
administered.
According to DOC policy, several people will be invited to witness the
execution, including:
Others on death row
Excluding Berget, there are 2 inmates on death row in South Dakota.
Charles Rhines: Sentenced in 1993 for the 1992 murder of a Rapid City doughnut
shop worker Donnivan Schaeffer. Rhines has appealed his case time and again
claiming the jury that convicted him had tainted views on his sexual
orientation. The South Dakota Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court
have both ruled his sentence appropriate.
Briley Piper: Sentenced by jury to death in 2011 for the March 2000 murder of
19-year-old Chester Allan Poage near Spearfish. A trial judge initially handed
down Piper's sentence, but the South Dakota Supreme Court overturned the
ruling, saying a jury should decide his fate.
Both cases are "proceeding through the court system," Jackley said.
(source: Argus Leader)
IDAHO:
Attorney Wants to Remove Death Penalty in Case of Murdered Indian American Cab
Driver
A man charged with murder in northern Idaho is too young to face the death
penalty, his lawyer says.
Attorney R. Keith Roark filed a motion Oct. 4 in 1st District Court on behalf
of Jacob Coleman, 20, the Bonner County Daily Bee reports.
Coleman was 19 when authorities say he stabbed to death 22-year-old Indian
American cab driver Gagandeep Singh of Spokane, Washington, in Kootenai in
August 2017. Singh had driven him to Idaho after picking him up at the Spokane
International Airport. Coleman has pleaded not guilty to 1st-degree murder.
Roark contends the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution eliminates the
death penalty for Coleman or a life sentence without parole. The Eighth
Amendment prohibits governments from imposing cruel and unusual punishments.
Roark argues that research shows human brains aren't fully developed until at
least the age of 21. He said 23 states don't execute offenders who are under
that age.
"The age of 18 is not, and has never been, a true age of maturity and
adulthood,'' Roark said in the 91-page motion. "It was chosen for expedience.
There is no principled reason to treat those who are still immature as if they
are fully developed adults."
Law enforcement officials say Coleman flew from Seattle to Spokane to start a
new semester at Gonzaga University.
The school said a person matching Coleman's description approached housing
officials on campus but was not enrolled as a student and was never assigned
campus housing.
Police said Coleman called a cab and Singh picked him up. Authorities say
Coleman told police he became homicidal and bought a knife during a stop at a
store.
Singh stopped in Kootenai when it became clear Coleman didn't have a
destination. Police say Coleman then stabbed Singh, who died at the scene.
Coleman is being held at the Bonner County Jail. His trial is set for spring.
(source: indiawest.com)
WASHINGTON:
Washington Supreme Court tosses out state's death penalty
Washington state's Supreme Court ruled Thursday ruled that the death penalty,
as applied, violates its Constitution.
The ruling makes Washington the latest state to do away with capital
punishment. The court was unanimous in its order that the eight people
currently on death row have their sentences converted to life in prison. 5
justices said the "death penalty is invalid because it is imposed in an
arbitrary and racially biased manner."
"Given the manner in which it is imposed, the death penalty also fails to serve
any legitimate penological goals," the justices wrote.
Gov. Jay Inslee, a 1-time supporter of capital punishment, had imposed a
moratorium on the death penalty in 2014, saying that no executions would take
place while he's in office.
In a written statement, the Democrat called the ruling "a hugely important
moment in our pursuit for equal and fair application of justice."
"The court makes it perfectly clear that capital punishment in our state has
been imposed in an 'arbitrary and racially biased manner,' is 'unequally
applied' and serves no criminal justice goal," Inslee wrote.
The ruling was in the case of Allen Eugene Gregory, who was convicted of
raping, robbing and killing Geneine Harshfield, a 43-year-old woman, in 1996.
His lawyers said the death penalty is arbitrarily applied and that it is not
applied proportionally, as the state Constitution requires.
In its ruling Thursday, the high court did not reconsider any of Gregory's
arguments pertaining to guilty, noting that his conviction for aggravated 1st
degree murder "has already been appealed and affirmed by this court."
(source: USA Today)
****************
Washington Supreme Court Abolishes the Death Penalty
On Oct. 11, 2018, the state of Washington's supreme court unanimously struck
down the death penalty as unconstitutional, ruling the "death penalty is
invalid because it is imposed in an arbitrary and racially biased matter" and
because it fails to serve any legitimate penological goal." The death penalty
is a punishment that is as flawed as it is final, and as the Washington high
court acknowledges, one plagued by racial bias and arbitrariness.
The ruling came in response to an appeal in Allen Gregory's case. Gregory
argued that the entire death penalty scheme in Washington was
unconstitutionally discriminatory, relying in large part on a rigorous and
sophisticated statistical study by researchers at the University of Washington.
The study ultimately showed that Washington juries were more than four times as
likely to sentence a Black defendant to death as a non-Black defendant.
Gregory's case led a broad group of advocates, researchers, and criminal
justice attorneys to file amicus briefs arguing Washington's death penalty
scheme was a demonstrated failure, infected by racial bias and arbitrariness.
75 retired or former judges in Washington state joined the ACLU’s amicus brief
asking the Washington court to strike the death penalty. They did so because
they had the grim benefit of front row seats to its unjust application.
Today's decision is a blow to racial injustice, yet nationwide the racism
inherent in the procession and decisions in capital cases too often is
unaddressed. In fact, the Washington Supreme Court joins just a small number of
state courts, including Massachusetts and Connecticut, that have struck down
the death penalty after recognizing the intolerable taint of racial
discrimination.
Racial bias is the intractable legacy of the death penalty's history in
America. Capital punishment can never free itself of the yoke of its roots in
lynchings and racial terror. As the Equal Justice Initiative's national
lynching memorial viscerally demonstrates, many of the same southern and
midwestern counties that tolerated and even encouraged lynchings of Black men
were enthusiastic proponents of capital punishment.
But the legacy of racial violence extends beyond just any county or state
border: Racial bias permeates capital punishment at every stage from the
decision to charge the death penalty to execution. One acute pinch point of
that discrimination is in jury selection.
Prosecutors across the country routinely discriminate against potential Black
jurors in capital cases by striking them from serving. In 2016, the U.S.
Supreme Court ruled for Timothy Foster after handwritten notes from the
prosecution surfaced showing its relentless efforts to strike Black jurors from
his capital case. This included the prosecutor's notes designating each Black
juror with a "B" and noting the lone juror they would accept if they "have to
pick a Black juror."
This kind of discrimination in juror selection is far from limited to Foster's
case. In studies ranging from North Carolina up to Pennsylvania and back down
to Louisiana, we see clear systematic discrimination against qualified Black
jurors in capital cases. In North Carolina, prosecutors were trained statewide,
with a handy top-10-style cheat sheet, in how to give pre-textual explanations
to avoid being caught for racial discrimination.
Decisions about who should live and who should die are too often driven by the
race of the defendant or race of the victim, as studies for decades have
repeatedly shown. But, as the Washington Supreme Court found, the death
penalty's problems go far beyond racial bias. It is a flawed and ineffective
tool of justice, one has become itself a tool of injustice. Capital punishment
does not deter crime, and it fails to protect the innocent from wrongful
convictions.
These concerns have caused the public to turn from the death penalty, with
support for capital punishment at a near-historic low in the modern area.
Likewise, death penalty jury verdicts and executions have plummeted. Today,
Washington became the 20th state to officially reject capital punishment. 3
other states have governor moratoriums, and another 10 states have not had an
execution in the last decade.
The problems with the death penalty cannot be fixed. It is time for other
courts to follow Washington's lead and strike the unconstitutional, unjust, and
racially discriminatory punishment from the books once and for all.
(source: Cassandra Stubbs, Director, ACLU Capital Punishment Project)
***********************
Washington Becomes the 20th State to Abolish the Death Penalty
Reacting to news that the Washington State Supreme Court has ruled the death
penalty violates its Constitution, Kristina Roth, Senior Program Officer at
Amnesty International USA stated:
"This is tremendous news for all who fought to abolish the death penalty in
Washington. Now that Washington has become the 20th state to end the ultimate
cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment, other states should follow suit.
"The Court ruled that the death penalty is imposed in an arbitrary and racially
biased manner and is invalid. The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human
rights, it does not deter crime or improve public safety, and it should be
ended once and for all."
106 countries had abolished the death penalty in law for all crimes by the end
of 2017 and 142 countries had abolished the death penalty in law or practice.
These figures underscore the global trend towards abolition of the death
penalty. Only a few countries carry out executions. Just 4 countries were
responsible for 84% of all recorded executions in 2017.
In 2017, the US had 23 executions in 8 states: Alabama (3) Arkansas (4) Florida
(3) Georgia (1) Missouri (1) Ohio (2) Texas (7) Virginia (2). Texas remained
the state with the highest number of executions, accounting for 30% of the
national total.
(source: Amnesty International USA)
******************
Citing Arbitrary Use and Racial Bias, Washington Supreme Court Abolishes
State's Death Penalty
Citing racial bias and arbitrary application, the Supreme Court of Washington
on Thursday ruled that the use of capital punishment violates the state's
Constitution, a decision that will ban the use of the death penalty going
forward and immediately commuted the sentences of death-row inmates to life
terms.
"Washington's Supreme Court showed courage in refusing to allow racism to
infect life and death decisions. Let's hope that courage is contagious." —Jeff
Robinson, ACLU"Today's decision by the state Supreme Court thankfully ends the
death penalty in Washington," declared Washington's Democratic Governor Jay
Inslee in response to the ruling.
"The court makes it perfectly clear that capital punishment in our state has
been imposed in an 'arbitrary and racially biased manner,' is 'unequally
applied' and serves no criminal justice goal," Inslee added. "This is a hugely
important moment in our pursuit for equal and fair application of justice."
The ACLU noted the ruling makes Washington the 20th state in the U.S. to ban
the death penalty, but the group said it "won't stop fighting until it's struck
down everywhere in America."
As Slate reports:
the court held Thursday that capital punishment is imposed in "an arbitrary and
racially biased manner" and "fails to serve any legitimate penological goals."
The problems go beyond race: Most prosecutors in the state have stopped seeking
the death penalty, so all current capital sentences arise from just 6 of
Washington’s 39 counties. The location of your crime may therefore determine
whether you live or die. This "random" and "capricious" application of the
ultimate punishment, the court ruled, fatally undermines any state interest
"retribution and deterrence of capital crimes by prospective offenders."
There are currently 8 inmates on Washington's death row. The court converted
their sentences to life imprisonment and forbade the state from conducting any
further executions. Because its ruling is based entirely in the state
constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court cannot overturn it. And the court left no
room for future reconsideration of its unanimous decision. Capital punishment
is over in Washington State.
Jeff Robinson, deputy legal director and director of the ACLU's Trone Center
for Justice at the American Civil Liberties Union, said the court recognized
clearly that racial bias remains at the heart of "who should and who should
die" in the America's skewed justice system.
"There is nothing unique about the role racism played in Washington's death
penalty," said Robinson. "What is rare is the Supreme Court’s willingness to
call out the truth that has always been there."
Noting that both conscious and unconscious racial bias "plays a role in the
death penalty decisions across America, influencing who faces this ultimate
punishment, who sits on the jury, what kind of victim impact and mitigation
evidence is used, and who is given life or death," Robinson said that this kind
of "disparity can be described by many words - but justice is not one of them."
Human rights groups and other death penalty opponents said they hope that
others states, and ultimately the U.S. federal government, will now follow the
other 20 states and ban the death penalty nationwide:
"Washington's Supreme Court showed courage in refusing to allow racism to
infect life and death decisions," said the ACLU's Robinson. "Let's hope that
courage is contagious."
(source: commondreams.org)
********************
Bellingham teen-killer’s death sentence commuted due to state Supreme Court
ruling
A Whatcom County man sentenced to death for the 1995 rape and murder of a
teenage girl will have his sentence converted to life in prison due to a
Washington state Supreme Court unanimous ruling that says the death penalty, as
applied, violates the state Constitution.
5 of the justices argued in the Thursday opinion the "death penalty is invalid
because it is imposed in an arbitrary and racially biased manner," while the
other 4 said additional state principles applied, the Associated Press
reported.
All justices agreed that the 8 people currently on death row, which includes
Clark Richard Elmore of Whatcom County, should have their sentences converted
to life in prison.
In late December 2016, Gov. Jay Inslee granted his 1st reprieve for a death-row
inmate to Elmore. The Whatcom man was sentenced to death for killing his
girlfriend's 14-year-old daughter, Kristy Lynn Ohnstad, in a van south of Lake
Samish in April 1995. Elmore raped Ohnstad, choked her, drove a metal skewer
through her skull, beat her with a sledgehammer and dumped her body in the
woods off Nulle Road, according to previous reports in The Bellingham Herald.
Elmore led his own search party and told local media the police weren't trying
hard enough to find Ohnstad. Elmore initially fled to Oregon after Ohnstad's
body was found, but later returned to Bellingham and turned himself in, The
Herald reported.
Elmore pleaded guilty to aggravated 1st-degree murder and was sentenced to
death May 3, 1996. Since that time, Elmore appealed in the hopes of having his
sentence overturned. In October 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear
his case and several weeks later the U.S. 9th Circuit denied a rehearing.
Elmore's execution was then scheduled for Jan. 19, 2017. Elmore, who was 1 of 9
inmates on death row at the time in the state penitentiary in Walla Walla, was
the 1st to exhaust all of his appeals.
In light of the new state Supreme Court ruling, Elmore's sentence will be
commuted to life in prison without the possibility of parole, as Inslee's order
of reprieve only stayed his execution date at the time. He remains on death row
in Walla Walla.
(source: bellinghamherald.com)
USA:
Supreme Court examines dementia, health issues in death penalty cases
The U.S. Supreme Court, no stranger to death penalty cases, is looking very
narrowly at 2 aspects of capital punishment this term: if an inmate with
dementia should be executed if he has no memory of the crime he committed 3
decades ago and if a death-row prisoner with a specific health problem can be
executed by a less painful manner because of his condition.
These 2 cases "put the unworkability and inhumanity of capital punishment on
full display," said Krisanne Vaillancourt Murphy, executive director of
Catholic Mobilizing Network, a group that champions restorative justice and an
end to the death penalty.
She said state prison systems are increasingly "faced with the question of how
to execute people with severe mental and physical health problems" particularly
since America's death-row populations are getting older and the average
death-row inmate spends 15 years awaiting execution.
"Harsh living conditions, including solitary confinement, only further
exacerbate physical and mental illness," she added.
The court heard oral arguments Oct. 2, the second day of its new term, about
the pending execution of Vernon Madison, an Alabama man who killed a police
officer 30 years ago. He has suffered strokes in recent years that left him
blind and with vascular dementia and significant memory loss. He cannot tell
what season or day it is, nor does he remember committing the crime.
This case, Madison v. Alabama, was argued before eight judges while Justice
Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation was on hold. The court has already held that
states may not execute the mentally ill or the intellectually disabled but has
not ruled on those with dementia. This case also examines whether someone can
be executed if they were mentally capable when they committed the crime but
later developed cognitive impairments.
During arguments, the judges appeared to lean in Madison's favor, but this also
is a new bench without Justice Anthony Kennedy, who in recent years played a
key role in the court's opposition to the death penalty. He wrote the majority
opinion in the court's 2007 decision saying people who cannot understand their
punishments cannot be executed and in its 2005 ruling that juvenile offenders
could not be executed. Both decisions had 5-4 votes.
Kavanaugh will not vote on the Madison case, but the court could decide to have
it retried if it reaches a split vote.
During arguments, Bryan Stevenson, founder and executive director of the Equal
Justice Initiative, a nonprofit organization for prisoners' rights based in
Montgomery, Alabama, told the court that it is simply not humane to execute
someone who is disabled, confused or fragile. He also put it this way: "No
penological justification or retributive value can be found in executing a
severely impaired and incompetent prisoner."
But the state saw it differently.
Alabama Deputy Attorney General Thomas Govan said the state still deserves to
win "retribution for a heinous crime," and described Madison's claim as
"unprecedented."
Justice Stephen Breyer, who has been the court's leading death penalty
opponent, said Madison's numerous impairments are not unusual since death-row
prisoners are older on average than they used to be and have been awaiting
execution for 20 to 40 years.
"This will become a more common problem," Breyer said, adding that a narrow
ruling in Madison's favor might prevent similar cases from flooding the courts.
The other death penalty case before the court is Bucklew v. Precythe. Russell
Bucklew is on Missouri's death row for a 1986 murder. He suffers from a rare
medical condition that causes blood-filled tumors in his head, neck and throat,
which can easily rupture. His attorneys have argued that the state's lethal
injection protocol would be more gruesome and cause more suffering than if he
were put to death by lethal gas, which the state does not have the protocol to
use.
Kavanaugh will hear the oral arguments in this case before the court Nov. 6,
but how he will vote on a death penalty case is still pretty much unknown
since, as a federal appeals court judge, he rarely heard capital punishment
cases.
Garrett Epps, a law professor at the University of Baltimore, wrote in the
Sept. 18 issue of The Atlantic that however the Bucklew case is resolved, it
shows "how fully the court has become enmeshed in the sordid details of
official killing. As the population of death row ages, issues of age-related
disease and dementia will become more important in assessing individual death
warrants, and the court will be the last stop for those challenged."
Vaillancourt Murphy said it is not likely that many Catholics are paying
attention to either of these cases before the court, but she said there has
been an increased interest among Catholics to understand what capital
punishment means in modern society particularly since the catechism was revised
in early August calling the use of the death penalty "inadmissible."
"This added clarity in Catholic teaching is a welcome validation of the
church's pro-life stance. We are called to uphold the sacred dignity of every
human person, no matter the harm someone has caused," she said in an Oct. 9
email to Catholic News Service.
She said Catholics "should pay attention to these cases because they serve as
important measures of how the highest court in the land is working to defend or
disregard human life."
"As believers and as U.S. citizens, we should be prepared for more cases
resembling these to go before the court in coming years," she added. "The
conundrum of America's aging death rows is not going to go away."
(source: National Catholic Reporter)
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MARYLAND:
Author speaks on death row inmate exonerated through DNA evidence
Students listened to author Tim Junkin present his findings on the 1st death
row inmate exonerated by DNA evidence at Salisbury University Thursday night.
Junkin is the author of the novels "Bloodsworth: The True Story of the First
Death Row Inmate Exonerated by DNA Evidence," "The Waterman: A Novel of the
Chesapeake Bay" and "Good Counsel." Junkin is a practicing attorney and an
award-winning novelist who resides in Maryland.
All 3 of his novels take place on the Eastern Shore. His novel "Bloodsworth:
The True Story of the First Death Row Inmate Exonerated by DNA Evidence" is the
2018 One Maryland One Book selection.
Kirk Bloodsworth is the 1st American to be sentenced to the death penalty and
be exonerated due to DNA evidence. Bloodsworth was convicted in 1985 for the
1984 1st-degree murder and rape of Dawn Hamilton.
Police captured Bloodsworth in his home when he was 22 years old. He was later
gassed multiple times in prison.
Bloodsworth was released 19 years after his arrest.
Bloodsworth is now a national spokesperson for prison reform and has gone on
tour with Junkin presenting the novel. Bloodsworth was exonerated in 2004, but
the death penalty was not eradicated in the state of Maryland until 2013.
The United States spends over $80 billion on incarceration each year. The
United States comprises about 5 % of the world's population, but it houses
approximately 25 % of the world's prisoners.
The death penalty is used disproportionately against minorities, with 50 % of
death row inmates being black.
Junkin said that Bloodsworth became a symbol of hope and justice for people
after speaking on their book tour and speaking at law schools together. He said
Bloodsworth is a symbol of wrongful conviction and the problem of mass
incarceration in the U.S.
"We have a burgeoning crisis of mass incarceration in our prison system,"
Junkin said.
Bloodsworth was represented by lawyer Bob Warren. At the time of Bloodsworth's
conviction, only 2 labs in the country were performing DNA testing.
In the United States, 162 people have been exonerated from death row after
Bloodsworth.
DNA evidence has convicted the serial sexual offender and rapist Kimberly Shay
Ruffner as the killer of the 9-year-old girl whose body was found in Rosedale.
Ruffner was an absolute DNA match with the semen and blood samples found on
Hamilton's clothing.
Junkin's novel has experienced a renaissance in popularity recently despite
having been released in 2004. Junkin said the themes of justice and wrongful
conviction still ring true to audiences in 2018.
"I think it's got some really important parallels for today," Junkin said.
"Everybody that comes in contact with him thinks he's innocent."
Junkin read about Bloodsworth's case in the newspaper and was inspired to find
the truth. He studied police notes and the grand jury testimony, and he spoke
directly to Bloodsworth and the people working the case.
He researched his case as an investigative journalist, speaking to every source
that was willing to talk to him. He said the only people who refused to talk to
him were the 2 homicide detectives in charge of the case.
He decided that creating a 1st-person narrative from Bloodsworth's point of
view would be the best way to create sympathy and understanding with the
reader, but he also only wanted to write information that was factual in his
novel.
"Of course I wanted to write this story from Kirk's perspective," Junkin said,
"But, I also wanted to write from the perspective of the investigators and the
prosecutors."
Junkin believes that people in the community wanted to accept Bloodsworth as
the killer without DNA evidence because it gave them a sense of security for
their children. He said they wanted a simple case of justice that was solved
quickly.
"The community is terrified," he said, "And they're afraid to let their kids
out of the house."
Bloodsworth had weed in his shoes and was sweating nervously after having a
fight with his wife at the time his psychological profile was performed. Junkin
said this profile led the police to "key in on Kirk."
The case also relied on 10- and 7-year-old eyewitnesses who described a tan,
blond, mustached man. Junkin said that Bloodsworth had red hair and pale skin
that did not tan.
Junkin believed that Bloodsworth was innocent, but he did not want to make any
assumptions as he investigated his case.
Molly Welch, a social work and community health major, thought the lecture was
insightful and had an interest in the case because she wants to specialize in
the criminal justice field of social work. Welch grew up in Somerset County
around a family working in law enforcement, and she said working with people in
this field has made both her and her family stronger.
Welch said people are "quick to jump to conclusions" whenever a child is harmed
because people want to keep children innocent and safe. She thinks adults are
better able to protect themselves than children, and children are also less
mentally developed than adults.
"You wanna feel safe as a society, but you also don't wanna put others at risk
and not have them be safe," Welch said. "In this country, we have a problem
with knee-jerk reactions, and especially when it comes to children because we
wanna protect children- we love children."
Brittany Tignor, a Snow Hill High School librarian, took a group of students
who read the novel and were interested in the case on a field trip to learn
more from the author himself. She thought her students found the lecture very
informative, and she felt the lecture clarified things for both her and her
students, especially the question and answer portion.
Tignor feels that people wanted a quick and decisive ending to the case because
uncertainty is uncomfortable to live with. She said people wanted clear
answers, not a list of possibilities to choose from.
"It's a great example of how broken our system has become," Tignor said. "I
understood the prosecutor and the investigators' desire to solve the case, but
I didn't understand the desire to just, like, find somebody to pin it on and be
done with it."
Tignor enjoyed Junkin's novel, not from the perspective of the crime drama, but
from the perspective of the characters. She said the novel made her believe in
Bloodsworth's innocence and made her root for his character.
"As a former English teacher, I am not a big fan of crime drama - I'm not
really a big fan of law books in general, but I loved how Tim Junkin made me
care about the characters and sort of wove the characters throughout the
process of the court system and everything," Tignor said. "You become very
attached to Kirk ... and you're sort of cheering him on through the whole
thing."
(source: thesuflyer.com)
NORTH CAROLINA:
A year later, district attorney pursues death penalty despite odds in
Pasquotank prison break case
Despite the odds, a district attorney is pursuing the death penalty for the 4
prisoners charged with killing a manager, a mechanic and 2 corrections officers
in the deadliest prison escape attempt in the state's history.
The case meets almost every standard for capital punishment, said Andrew
Womble, district attorney for northeastern North Carolina.
But the reality is that it's been 12 years since an inmate was executed in
North Carolina, according to the state’s Department of Corrections. The state
has 141 inmates on death row. The oldest case goes back to 1985, and the most
recent one is from 2016, according to the state.
"The death penalty is all but extinct in North Carolina," according to a report
by The Center for Death Penalty Litigation, a Durham, N.C. nonprofit. "It is a
relic of another era."
For the district attorney, the effort is worth pursuing. The circumstances of
the brutal killings, he said, are enough to justify the punishment he is
seeking.
"These 4 scream for the death penalty," Womble said in an interview this week.
"I feel incredibly confident about this case."
Escape attempt
A year ago today, 4 prisoners started a fire inside the Pasquotank Correctional
Institution north of Elizabeth City and attempted to escape. During the chaos,
4 employees were killed with hammers and scissors from a sewing plant inside
the facility off U.S. 17 where the prisoners worked.
Mikel Brady, Jonathan Monk, Seth J. Frazier and Wisezah Buckman were charged
with 1st-degree murder. Killed were Veronica Darden, manager of the sewing
plant, Geoffrey Howe, a mechanic, and corrections officers Justin Smith and
Wendy Shannon. All 4 prisoners were serving time for violent crimes.
The prison was short 84 positions, about 1/4 of the recommended staff,
according to a report released in January by the The National Institute of
Corrections. One correctional officer and 3 staff members oversaw 30 inmates at
the sewing plant where they made high-visibility vests for highway workers and
embroidered uniforms. Deadly tools such as scissors with 6-inch blades and claw
hammers were distributed by inmates rather than staff, as required, according
to the report. Prisoners were able to come and go from the sewing area without
a search. Doors to other parts of the prison that should have been secured were
left unlocked.
The prisoners used hammers and scissors to bash the victims in the head and
chest, according to autopsy reports. One was stabbed more than 65 times,
according to one autopsy report.
Prison administrator Felix Taylor and his second-in command Colbert Respass
were removed from their posts. Taylor was reassigned and Respass retired.
Dennis Daniels, an experienced North Carolina prison administrator, was
appointed to lead the Pasquotank facility.
On Wednesday, The Virginian-Pilot confirmed that the families of the victims
have hired lawyers.
"This was a tragedy waiting to happen," Cate Edwards, of the Raleigh law firm
Edwards Kirby, said in an email Wednesday. She is the daughter of former
senator and presidential candidate John Edwards.
"We are working on taking broad legal action because four people needlessly
lost their lives," she said. "These people were public servants and deserved
better, safer working conditions from this state."
Chicago attorney Donnya Banks is co-counsel for the families of Darden, Smith
and Shannon. Banks had no comment.
"Brutal murders" In laying out his argument for the death penalty, Womble, the
district attorney, said that 9 of 11 aggravating factors needed in such a case
apply, though no trial date has been set. Those circumstances include that the
acts were cruel, they endangered many people and were committed against prison
officers, he said. A jury only needs 1 factor to give a death sentence, he
said.
The deadly escape was premeditated, he said. The people killed were
"sympathetic victims," he said, rather than criminals killing other criminals.
The prisoners were captured on the spot just after the murders.
"This is not a 'who-done-it' case," Womble said. "We got it all."
Rep. Bob Steinburg, R-Chowan supports Womble. Steinburg, who represents
Pasquotank County, said he has spoken extensively with family members and
correctional officers about the escape attempt.
"These were brutal, brutal murders,' he said. "One woman was nearly
decapitated. I think as people become aware of the details of this case, it
will change a lot of hearts and minds."
State executions stalled
Executions in North Carolina have been stalled by lawsuits over racial bias and
lethal injection drugs, said Gretchen Engel, executive director of the Center
for Death Penalty Litigation.
6 capital cases await a hearing before the state's Supreme Court to decide if
race played a role in jury selection. A study showed the state's prosecutors
struck black jurors at roughly double the rate of others, according to the
Death Penalty Information Center.
Additionally, a lawsuit is pending in Wake County Superior Court where several
prisoners claim lethal injection is cruel and unusual punishment, Engel said.
"There will be no executions as long as they are pending in court," she said.
While Engel acknowledges extreme murder cases, the system as a whole remains
flawed, she said.
"You're bound to have arbitrary results," she said.
One of the primary cases cited is that of Henry McCollum, who spent 30 years on
death row for the murder and rape of an 11-year-old girl before DNA evidence
exonerated him in 2014.
In the 1990s, most death row inmates were sentenced under different laws, The
Center for Death Penalty Litigation report said. Legislation passed since then
guarantees that death row defendants get trained defense attorneys and have the
right to see all evidence in their cases, among other things.
A 2013 survey showed 68 % of North Carolina residents supported replacing
capital punishment with life without parole as long as the offender worked and
paid restitution to the victim's family, according to the Death Penalty
Information Center in Washington.
But the Pasquotank prison break attempt also raised questions about allowing
violent offenders to work.
Another argument against executions? Defendants can be imprisoned for life and
not harm anyone, Womble said.
"These guys can't say that," he said of those accused in the Pasquotank County
case. "They were in prison."
(source: The Virginian-Pilot)
TENNESSEE:
Haslam Grants Edmund Zagorski Reprieve From Execution
Tennessee Gov. Bill Haslam today made the following statement on death row
inmate Edmund Zagorski:
"I am granting to Edmund Zagorski a reprieve of 10 days from execution of the
sentence of death imposed upon by him by a jury in 1984 which was scheduled to
be carried out later today. I take seriously the responsibility imposed upon
the Tennessee Department of Correction and me by law, and given the federal
court's decision to honor Zagorski's last-minute decision to choose
electrocution as the method of execution, this brief reprieve will give all
involved the time necessary to carry out the sentence in an orderly and careful
manner."
(source: tn.gov)
***********************
Supreme Court rejects Tennessee death row inmate efforts
The U.S. Supreme Court rejected two last-ditch efforts to save the life of
Tennessee death row inmate Edmund Zagorski, apparently clearing the way for his
execution despite a delay caused by legal wrangling.
The court rejected a challenge of Tennessee's lethal injection protocol and
lifted a stay of execution ordered by a lower court because of inadequate
counsel.
The court issued the rulings Thursday night around the time Zagorski's
execution had been scheduled. But earlier in the day, Gov. Bill Haslam granted
a 10-day reprieve to give the state time to prepare for an execution by
electric chair.
It was not immediately clear what options Zagorski's attorneys have in the wake
of the decisions by the court and the governor.
"We are reviewing the court's opinion and will assess what options we have,"
his lawyer, Kelley Henry, wrote in an email.
Zagorski had asked to die in the electric chair earlier in the week, instead of
lethal injection, which he argued was cruel and unusual punishment and
therefore unconstitutional.
The state denied the request, arguing that Zagorski missed the deadline, but
hours before the scheduled execution, a federal judge blocked the state from
using its 3-drug cocktail.
Zagorski was sentenced in 1984 for the slayings of 2 men during a drug deal.
Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Stephen Breyer dissented from the
majority's decision not to stay the execution, with Sotomayor writing that
those sentenced to die "are not entitled to pleasant deaths under the Eighth
Amendment, but they are entitled to humane deaths.
"The longer we stand silent amid growing evidence of inhumanity in execution
methods like Tennessee's, the longer we extend our own complicity in
state-sponsored brutality."
Zagorski had been set to be executed at 7 p.m. Thursday, but that was halted
after the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on Wednesday granted a stay over
concerns of inadequate representation.
As the state rushed to appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn the ruling
and ensure the execution took place as scheduled, a separate federal judge
barred the state from using lethal injection to kill Zagorski after it refused
his request to die in the electric chair.
Tennessee is one of only of nine states that allow electrocutions. The last
electrocution in the U.S. took place in Virginia in January 2013.
Zagorski had asked to die by electrocution just days before his execution
because he said the three-drug cocktail the state used constituted cruel and
unusual punishment and violated his constitutional rights.
However, the state denied his request, arguing Zagorski waited too long to ask
for the electric chair. U.S. District Judge Aleta Trauger disagreed with that
decision and barred the state's lethal injection method so both Zagorski's
request could be honored and more time would be allowed to review the state's
lethal cocktail.
Haslam then granted the reprieve.
"I take seriously the responsibility imposed upon the Tennessee Department of
Correction and me by law," Haslam said in a statement. "And given the federal
court's decision to honor Zagorski's last-minute decision to choose
electrocution as the method of execution, this brief reprieve will give all
involved the time necessary to carry out the sentence in an orderly and careful
manner."
Shortly after the Republican governor's announcement, the Department of
Correction said it would return Zagorski to death row after moving him to a
"death watch" cell earlier this week.
The Republican governor had said he wouldn't intervene in Zagorski's case.
The temporary reprieve will be in effect until Oct. 21. It's still unknown when
Zagorski's new execution date will be set.
"Tennessee's death penalty statute makes it clear that Mr. Zagorski has the
right to choose execution by electrocution," Henry said. "While being burned
alive and mutilated via electricity is not a good death, Mr. Zagorski knows
that death by electric chair will be much quicker than lethal injection using
midazolam, a paralytic, and potassium chloride."
Zagorski was sentenced in 1984 in the slayings of John Dotson and Jimmy Porter.
Prosecutors said Zagorski shot the men, then slit their throats after robbing
them in Robertson County in April 1983. The victims had planned to buy
marijuana from Zagorski.
He's been on death row for 34 years, the 2nd longest in Tennessee.
Zagorski's decision to ask for electrocution was based on evidence that
Tennessee's lethal injection method would cause him 10 to 18 minutes of mental
and physical anguish. He argues the electric chair will be quicker even if it
means being set on fire.
In Tennessee, death row inmates whose offenses came before January 1999 can
choose either lethal injection or the electric chair. The last time Tennessee
put someone to death by electrocution was in 2007.
(source: Associated Press)
******************
Prosecutor who called for Zagorski's death penalty speaks out after reprieve
granted
Death row inmate Edmund Zagorski's execution was initially slated for Thursday
evening, until Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam granted the convicted killer a
10-day reprieve. Haslam decided to give Zagorski more time after a judge
granted his last minute decision of choosing the electric chair instead of the
3-drug lethal injection method. The governor said he wants to make sure
officials have enough time to prepare and correctly carry out the process.
Sumner County District Attorney Ray Whitley called for the death penalty back
in February 1984 when Zagorski was convicted for shooting 2 people, then
cutting their throats over a marijuana deal.
"He shot them out in the woods and before they were dead, he went over and slit
their throats and slaughtered them, and left them there," Whitley says. "They
weren't found for 2 more weeks."
The victims of the crime were John Dale Dotson and Jimmy Porter.
"There's no question about his guilt," says Whitley. "I don't think anyone,
even Mr. Zagorski at this point, questions his guilt."
Court documents show that since his sentence, Zagorski has made several appeals
to Whitley's decision.
The death row inmate's current appeal claims he has had inadequate counsel and
ineffective assistance at trial. That's something Whitley disagrees with,
saying Zagorski was represented by two very qualified people. One became a
circuit judge for many years, the other later served as president of the
Tennessee Bar Association.
He added that Zagorski has had nothing but excellent representation since his
conviction. He believes he would have killed again if he had the chance.
And while calling for the death penalty is not an easy decision, Whitley says
it's a call he would likely make again today.
"I would like to see justice done," Whitley says. "It's an appropriate
punishment for the type of crime that was committed and that's what justice is
all about."
Whitley also says that while back in 1984 life without parole was not an
option, it's unfair to go back 34 years and question jurors on whether they'd
change their options if they had that option.
(source: WZTV news)
*******************
Here's The Horrifying History Of The Electric Chair That Might Soon Kill An
Inmate In Tennessee----Documents obtained by BuzzFeed News show the original
sales pitch for the Tennessee machine in 1985. The chair has only been used
once so far.
A Tennessee death row prisoner hoping to avoid a lethal injection he believes
would be "torture" just won a major victory in his battle to choose how the
state will kill him. If Edmund Zagorski is to be executed, a federal judge
ruled on Thursday, the state will have to use the electric chair.
The decision, if it holds, would result in the first electric chair death in
Tennessee since 2007, and the first in the US since 2013. Gov. Bill Haslam
granted a 10-day reprieve to Zagorski on Thursday to "give all involved the
time necessary to carry out the sentence in an orderly and careful manner."
Although dying by electrocution can be incredibly gruesome, it's more reliably
lethal than drug injections. Until the 1990s, electric chairs were common
across the country. But all states eventually turned to lethal injection as
their primary choice, over concerns that electric chairs were too barbaric,
particularly for viewers. 9 states permit the use of the electric chair, but
just 2 - Virginia and South Carolina - have used one in the past 10 years.
Documents obtained by BuzzFeed News show the original 1985 sales pitch for the
construction of Tennessee's current machine, as well as reservations by its
creator - a Holocaust denier who falsely presented himself to the Tennessee
Department of Correction as an engineer - decades later, when he feared that
modifications would make the chair "an instrument of torture."
On at least one occasion after the chair was installed, experts disagreed about
the exact configuration of current and voltage that would lead to a humane
death. The documents also include several versions of a checklist for operating
the chair, one of which ends with the instruction: "LEAVE EXHAUST FAN ON!!!"
The inmate who wants to die in this chair, 63-year-old Zagorski, was convicted
for the murder of two men in April 1983. Zagorski lured John Dotson and Jimmy
Porter into the woods in northern Tennessee, under the pretense that they were
buying at least 100 pounds of marijuana. According to court documents, Zagorski
instead shot and slit the throats of the 2 men, and took the thousands of
dollars that they brought for the drugs. He was sentenced to death a year
later.
Of the 30 states that still have the death penalty, 21 do not have the electric
chair as an option. And two of those states have explicitly ruled that
electrocution is unconstitutionally cruel: In Georgia's ruling banning the
device's use, for example, the state Supreme Court cited expert testimony
suggesting the alternating current "could repetitively activate the brain,
causing the perception of excruciating pain and a sense of extreme horror."
Experts in that case had also said that the voltage sequence used in the
execution could stop the heart, only to start it up again.
The Nebraska court, in its ruling, cited expert testimony claiming that a chair
caused a prisoner's skin to reach "a temperature of 200 degrees." It noted that
protocol required a fire extinguisher be kept nearby, and that witnesses of
past executions had described smoke emerging from a prisoner's leg, and
reported smelling burning flesh in the viewing room.
Both court rulings mentioned the possibility of burns to the head from "the
sloughing or 'slippage' of a large portion of the scalp," and "sagging skin on
the sides of the prisoner's head from the temple areas and cheeks to above and
behind the ears."
Although the electric chair can result in grisly outcomes, lethal injection
actually has a higher rate of botched attempts than electrocution. Tennessee,
like several other states, employs a 3-drug lethal injection protocol: 1st a
sedative akin to Valium, then 2 incredibly painful drugs - a paralytic and
potassium chloride. If the inmate is not properly anesthetized by the 1st drug,
the final 2 drugs would feel like being buried alive and then burned alive,
according to medical experts. The sedative Tennessee hopes to use, midazolam,
has been implicated in several botched executions over the past few years.
Although the electric chair can result in grisly outcomes, lethal injection
actually has a higher rate of botched attempts than electrocution.
Zagorski, along with dozens of other death row inmates, sued the state, arguing
this method constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. On Monday, three days
before Zagorski's scheduled execution, the Tennessee Supreme Court disagreed,
finding that the inmates had not met their burden of coming up with a better
way to be killed. The inmates had proposed using another drug, but the state
said it couldn't be obtained.
Within hours of Monday's ruling, Zagorski asked to be killed by the electric
chair, to avoid a lethal injection he says would be torture. In Tennessee,
inmates sentenced to death before 1999 have a choice between the chair and
lethal injection.
But the Tennessee Department of Correction swiftly rejected his request. The
state argued that Zagorski needed to make his decision weeks before, by Sept.
27. TDOC Deputy Commissioner of Administration and General Counsel Debra Inglis
told Zagorski's attorney that he would have to die by lethal injection.
On Wednesday, Zagorski's lawyer filed an emergency motion to compel the state
to consider his request, arguing the deadline the state set was arbitrary and
not in the statute. On Thursday, a federal judge ruled in Zagorski's favor and
prohibited the state from executing the inmate by any method other than the
electric chair.
Zagorski's execution is still on hold, however. Late on Wednesday, the US Court
of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit stayed his execution over concerns that he had
inadequate representation during his original trial in 1984.
"Tennessee's death penalty statute makes it clear that Mr. Zagorski has the
right to choose execution by electrocution," Kelley Henry, an attorney for
Zagorski, said in an emailed statement. "While being burned alive and mutilated
via electricity is not a good death, Mr. Zagorski knows that death by electric
chair will be much quicker than lethal injection using midazolam, a paralytic,
and potassium chloride."
BuzzFeed News asked the state's Department of Correction for the chair's
execution protocols, manuals, logs of quarterly equipment checks, and related
records. The documents show that the state's current chair was made by Fred
Leuchter Jr., a Boston man who would eventually be charged with fraud for
practicing engineering without a license. He was also the author of a report
that attempted to show that the Holocaust gas chambers were not used to kill
people.
Leuchter had advised more than a dozen states on execution equipment of various
types, but by 1990, according to a New York Times report at the time, states
were finding that his methods fell short. The Illinois Department of
Corrections terminated his contract after an expert testified that one machine,
used to inject potassium cyanide, "would cause the prisoner unnecessary pain,
consisting of a severe burning sensation."
Starting in 1985, documents show, he corresponded with the Tennessee State
Penitentiary about the benefits of his electrocution machine. In October 1987,
he sent a quote for execution equipment to a warden, noting that the company
had equipment in many states throughout the US, "including hardware for
electrocution, lethal injection, Gas chambers, and gallows."
Leuchter completed the installation of the electrocution system at the
Riverbend Maximum Security Institution in November 1989. A purchase order dated
June 1989 and issued to Fred A Leuchter Associates Inc. indicates he was paid
$41,844 for "movement, renovation, and repair of the electrical equipment,"
including labor and materials. Additionally, the state purchased a "modular
power supply test unit" for $5,900.
A manual that Leuchter provided to Riverbend included detailed descriptions of
how the chair worked, instructions on how to disengage the prisoner after the
execution, and how to clean the chair.
According to this manual, the chair itself was made of oak - Leuchter claimed
it included wood from Tennessee's 1st electric chair - and had an adjustable
backrest, as well as a removable drip pan. Its 2 ankle electrodes were made of
brass, and a 3rd electrode - a "tightly fitting cap" - would ensure that the
current would pass "through the complete trunk of the subject's body."
There were also medical notes about the device explaining that one had to
consider both the "conscious and the autonomic nervous system” for the best
outcome. Calculations for "an average man weighing 70 kilos" estimated the
right voltage that would stop the heart and "minimize body damage (cooking)."
One version of the manual included the disclaimer that the company "assumes no
liability for the intended or actual use of this device."
Leuchter trained 19 employees and even made his own certificates to say that
each was an "Electrocution Technician."
The documents also revealed that technical experts disagreed sharply on the
most humane way to administer an electric current with the goal of killing a
person.
In April 1994, as part of a lawsuit, an outside expert visited the prison,
inspected the equipment and wrote in a report to the state attorney general
that the electric current typically used was too low and that the machine "does
not seem to have the capacity to function with a typical load for an
execution."
The facility hired an engineer from Arkansas, Jay Wiechert, who helped
implement a series of modifications, including increasing the amount of current
that would flow during an execution, and changing the timing of the
electrocution cycle.
But the Leuchter camp disagreed with those changes.
"These modifications may result in 'tissue cooking' of the executee, and
further, fibrillation of the executees heart resulting in failure to execute
and a brain dead vegetable at the conclusion of the execution procedure,' John
V. Maye, president of JVM, the firm that had acquired rights to Leuchter's
designs and technology, wrote to the associate warden at Riverbend in April
1996.
Maye called the modifications, particularly the change in cycle timing,
"dangerous" and said that the changes voided the guarantee with Leuchter's
firm, which JVM had now acquired.
"We bear no legal liability in this matter except to advise you of these
conditions and the possibility of torture of the inmate if an execution is
carried out with the modified equipment."
Riverbend warden Ricky Bell replied in September that year asking that JVM
provide documentation "that the system will not function as expected, and
further, to refute the modifications recommended" by the other 2 experts. (No
reply was ever received, he wrote in a 2006 memo.)
Wiechert continued to visit and examine the equipment through at least 2007 -
the year it was used for the 1st time, to execute convicted murderer Daryl
Holton.
The day before Holton's execution, Leuchter told the City Paper that he had
reservations about if the chair would work - he worried that the voltage was
too low and that the chair would fall short of its lethal goal, leaving the
inmate brain dead. He reportedly even petitioned then-Tennessee Gov. Phil
Bredesen to halt its use. (Leuchter could not be reached by phone or Facebook
message.)
Holton did die. His body tensed and arched upward with each of the 2 blows of
electricity, according to a news report.
Zagorski would be only the 2nd person to die in the chair since. "I don't want
to be tortured with those drugs," he told the Nashville Scene earlier this
week, "but I am not afraid of death."
(source: BuzzFeedNews)
NEBRASKA:
Texas offers model for death penalty
The state of Texas has used lethal injection as its method of executing death
row inmates since 1982. During this period of time, Texas has used legally
obtained drugs in more than 400 executions. Though difficulty in purchasing
lethal injection drugs has forced Texas to reduce its 3-drug cocktail to a
single fatal dose, its execution protocol is swift and humane.
After 35 years of Texas using legal execution drugs, it is obvious to me that
Nebraska Director of Corrections Scott Frakes should be communicating with the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice as to where they obtain these drugs, so
that Nebraska will follow the lawful order of the judges who sentenced these
men on death row to be executed according to the law.
Sadly, if Nebraska takes the men off death row and gives them life sentences,
our own Board of Pardons or Parole Board could, in 15 or 20 years, find them
rehabilitated and parole them. I personally know of 1 inmate who received 2
life sentences and was paroled 17 years later.
John Wheat Sr., Lincoln
Retired, Nebraska Department of Correctional Services
(source: Letter to the Editor, Lincoln Journal Star)
SOUTH DAKOTA:
Final moments: The execution process in South Dakota
With Rodney Berget's execution scheduled for the fall, the inmate convicted of
murdering a prison guard in 2011 will soon join a small cohort of South
Dakotans: Those put to death by the state.
Berget will be the 19th person to be executed in South Dakota, which saw its
last death sentence carried out in 2012. A warrant for execution was issued on
Wednesday morning by Attorney General Marty Jackley.
Few and far between
Only 18 people have been executed by the state in South Dakota's history. The 5
most recent are:
Donald Eugene Moeller: Executed by lethal injection on October 30, 2012 for the
1990 rape and murder of 9-year-old Becky O'Connell.
Eric Robert: Executed by lethal injection on October 15, 2012 for the 2011
murder of correctional officer R.J. Johnson.
Elijah Page: Executed by lethal injection on July 11, 2007 for the murder of
Chester Allan Poage.
George Sitts: Executed by electrocution on April 8, 1947 for murdering state
criminal agent Thomas Matthews and Butte County Sheriff Dave Malcolm.
Joe Rickman: Hanged on December 3, 1913 for murdering Ellen Fox and her
daughter, Mildred.
That the state has few and far between death penalties demonstrates the
severity of the sentence, according to Attorney General Jackley.
"That demonstrates (that) investigators and prosecutors, courts and juries,
have really reserved capital punishment for the most heinous crimes - those
individuals that pose an ongoing danger to the public," he said.
The execution process
Berget is scheduled to die by lethal injection any time between Oct. 28 and
Nov. 3, 2018. South Dakota State Penitentiary Warden Darin Young will choose
the date and time of the execution.
"We will be ready to carry out the order of the court," South Dakota Department
of Corrections secretary Denny Kaemingk said in a statement.
Department of Corrections spokesman Michael Winder declined requests for
interviews regarding the upcoming execution.
The 3 most recent South Dakota executions were carried out by lethal injection.
Elijah Page died by a 3-drug cocktail of sodium pentothal, pancuronium bromide
and potassium chloride, while Eric Robert and Donald Moeller were both given a
single drug, pentobarbital.
South Dakota Department of Corrections policy states that inmates can be
executed by either of the 2 methods above or by a 2-drug cocktail of
pentobarbital and pancuronium bromide. The DOC has not stated the method by
which Berget will be executed.
Directly before the execution, 2 IVs are inserted into the inmate's arms,
including 1 as a backup method in case the 1st fails. The inmate is then given
an opportunity to make a final statement before the fatal drugs are
administered.
According to DOC policy, several people will be invited to witness the
execution, including:
Others on death row
Excluding Berget, there are 2 inmates on death row in South Dakota.
Charles Rhines: Sentenced in 1993 for the 1992 murder of a Rapid City doughnut
shop worker Donnivan Schaeffer. Rhines has appealed his case time and again
claiming the jury that convicted him had tainted views on his sexual
orientation. The South Dakota Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court
have both ruled his sentence appropriate.
Briley Piper: Sentenced by jury to death in 2011 for the March 2000 murder of
19-year-old Chester Allan Poage near Spearfish. A trial judge initially handed
down Piper's sentence, but the South Dakota Supreme Court overturned the
ruling, saying a jury should decide his fate.
Both cases are "proceeding through the court system," Jackley said.
(source: Argus Leader)
IDAHO:
Attorney Wants to Remove Death Penalty in Case of Murdered Indian American Cab
Driver
A man charged with murder in northern Idaho is too young to face the death
penalty, his lawyer says.
Attorney R. Keith Roark filed a motion Oct. 4 in 1st District Court on behalf
of Jacob Coleman, 20, the Bonner County Daily Bee reports.
Coleman was 19 when authorities say he stabbed to death 22-year-old Indian
American cab driver Gagandeep Singh of Spokane, Washington, in Kootenai in
August 2017. Singh had driven him to Idaho after picking him up at the Spokane
International Airport. Coleman has pleaded not guilty to 1st-degree murder.
Roark contends the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution eliminates the
death penalty for Coleman or a life sentence without parole. The Eighth
Amendment prohibits governments from imposing cruel and unusual punishments.
Roark argues that research shows human brains aren't fully developed until at
least the age of 21. He said 23 states don't execute offenders who are under
that age.
"The age of 18 is not, and has never been, a true age of maturity and
adulthood,'' Roark said in the 91-page motion. "It was chosen for expedience.
There is no principled reason to treat those who are still immature as if they
are fully developed adults."
Law enforcement officials say Coleman flew from Seattle to Spokane to start a
new semester at Gonzaga University.
The school said a person matching Coleman's description approached housing
officials on campus but was not enrolled as a student and was never assigned
campus housing.
Police said Coleman called a cab and Singh picked him up. Authorities say
Coleman told police he became homicidal and bought a knife during a stop at a
store.
Singh stopped in Kootenai when it became clear Coleman didn't have a
destination. Police say Coleman then stabbed Singh, who died at the scene.
Coleman is being held at the Bonner County Jail. His trial is set for spring.
(source: indiawest.com)
WASHINGTON:
Washington Supreme Court tosses out state's death penalty
Washington state's Supreme Court ruled Thursday ruled that the death penalty,
as applied, violates its Constitution.
The ruling makes Washington the latest state to do away with capital
punishment. The court was unanimous in its order that the eight people
currently on death row have their sentences converted to life in prison. 5
justices said the "death penalty is invalid because it is imposed in an
arbitrary and racially biased manner."
"Given the manner in which it is imposed, the death penalty also fails to serve
any legitimate penological goals," the justices wrote.
Gov. Jay Inslee, a 1-time supporter of capital punishment, had imposed a
moratorium on the death penalty in 2014, saying that no executions would take
place while he's in office.
In a written statement, the Democrat called the ruling "a hugely important
moment in our pursuit for equal and fair application of justice."
"The court makes it perfectly clear that capital punishment in our state has
been imposed in an 'arbitrary and racially biased manner,' is 'unequally
applied' and serves no criminal justice goal," Inslee wrote.
The ruling was in the case of Allen Eugene Gregory, who was convicted of
raping, robbing and killing Geneine Harshfield, a 43-year-old woman, in 1996.
His lawyers said the death penalty is arbitrarily applied and that it is not
applied proportionally, as the state Constitution requires.
In its ruling Thursday, the high court did not reconsider any of Gregory's
arguments pertaining to guilty, noting that his conviction for aggravated 1st
degree murder "has already been appealed and affirmed by this court."
(source: USA Today)
****************
Washington Supreme Court Abolishes the Death Penalty
On Oct. 11, 2018, the state of Washington's supreme court unanimously struck
down the death penalty as unconstitutional, ruling the "death penalty is
invalid because it is imposed in an arbitrary and racially biased matter" and
because it fails to serve any legitimate penological goal." The death penalty
is a punishment that is as flawed as it is final, and as the Washington high
court acknowledges, one plagued by racial bias and arbitrariness.
The ruling came in response to an appeal in Allen Gregory's case. Gregory
argued that the entire death penalty scheme in Washington was
unconstitutionally discriminatory, relying in large part on a rigorous and
sophisticated statistical study by researchers at the University of Washington.
The study ultimately showed that Washington juries were more than four times as
likely to sentence a Black defendant to death as a non-Black defendant.
Gregory's case led a broad group of advocates, researchers, and criminal
justice attorneys to file amicus briefs arguing Washington's death penalty
scheme was a demonstrated failure, infected by racial bias and arbitrariness.
75 retired or former judges in Washington state joined the ACLU’s amicus brief
asking the Washington court to strike the death penalty. They did so because
they had the grim benefit of front row seats to its unjust application.
Today's decision is a blow to racial injustice, yet nationwide the racism
inherent in the procession and decisions in capital cases too often is
unaddressed. In fact, the Washington Supreme Court joins just a small number of
state courts, including Massachusetts and Connecticut, that have struck down
the death penalty after recognizing the intolerable taint of racial
discrimination.
Racial bias is the intractable legacy of the death penalty's history in
America. Capital punishment can never free itself of the yoke of its roots in
lynchings and racial terror. As the Equal Justice Initiative's national
lynching memorial viscerally demonstrates, many of the same southern and
midwestern counties that tolerated and even encouraged lynchings of Black men
were enthusiastic proponents of capital punishment.
But the legacy of racial violence extends beyond just any county or state
border: Racial bias permeates capital punishment at every stage from the
decision to charge the death penalty to execution. One acute pinch point of
that discrimination is in jury selection.
Prosecutors across the country routinely discriminate against potential Black
jurors in capital cases by striking them from serving. In 2016, the U.S.
Supreme Court ruled for Timothy Foster after handwritten notes from the
prosecution surfaced showing its relentless efforts to strike Black jurors from
his capital case. This included the prosecutor's notes designating each Black
juror with a "B" and noting the lone juror they would accept if they "have to
pick a Black juror."
This kind of discrimination in juror selection is far from limited to Foster's
case. In studies ranging from North Carolina up to Pennsylvania and back down
to Louisiana, we see clear systematic discrimination against qualified Black
jurors in capital cases. In North Carolina, prosecutors were trained statewide,
with a handy top-10-style cheat sheet, in how to give pre-textual explanations
to avoid being caught for racial discrimination.
Decisions about who should live and who should die are too often driven by the
race of the defendant or race of the victim, as studies for decades have
repeatedly shown. But, as the Washington Supreme Court found, the death
penalty's problems go far beyond racial bias. It is a flawed and ineffective
tool of justice, one has become itself a tool of injustice. Capital punishment
does not deter crime, and it fails to protect the innocent from wrongful
convictions.
These concerns have caused the public to turn from the death penalty, with
support for capital punishment at a near-historic low in the modern area.
Likewise, death penalty jury verdicts and executions have plummeted. Today,
Washington became the 20th state to officially reject capital punishment. 3
other states have governor moratoriums, and another 10 states have not had an
execution in the last decade.
The problems with the death penalty cannot be fixed. It is time for other
courts to follow Washington's lead and strike the unconstitutional, unjust, and
racially discriminatory punishment from the books once and for all.
(source: Cassandra Stubbs, Director, ACLU Capital Punishment Project)
***********************
Washington Becomes the 20th State to Abolish the Death Penalty
Reacting to news that the Washington State Supreme Court has ruled the death
penalty violates its Constitution, Kristina Roth, Senior Program Officer at
Amnesty International USA stated:
"This is tremendous news for all who fought to abolish the death penalty in
Washington. Now that Washington has become the 20th state to end the ultimate
cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment, other states should follow suit.
"The Court ruled that the death penalty is imposed in an arbitrary and racially
biased manner and is invalid. The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human
rights, it does not deter crime or improve public safety, and it should be
ended once and for all."
106 countries had abolished the death penalty in law for all crimes by the end
of 2017 and 142 countries had abolished the death penalty in law or practice.
These figures underscore the global trend towards abolition of the death
penalty. Only a few countries carry out executions. Just 4 countries were
responsible for 84% of all recorded executions in 2017.
In 2017, the US had 23 executions in 8 states: Alabama (3) Arkansas (4) Florida
(3) Georgia (1) Missouri (1) Ohio (2) Texas (7) Virginia (2). Texas remained
the state with the highest number of executions, accounting for 30% of the
national total.
(source: Amnesty International USA)
******************
Citing Arbitrary Use and Racial Bias, Washington Supreme Court Abolishes
State's Death Penalty
Citing racial bias and arbitrary application, the Supreme Court of Washington
on Thursday ruled that the use of capital punishment violates the state's
Constitution, a decision that will ban the use of the death penalty going
forward and immediately commuted the sentences of death-row inmates to life
terms.
"Washington's Supreme Court showed courage in refusing to allow racism to
infect life and death decisions. Let's hope that courage is contagious." —Jeff
Robinson, ACLU"Today's decision by the state Supreme Court thankfully ends the
death penalty in Washington," declared Washington's Democratic Governor Jay
Inslee in response to the ruling.
"The court makes it perfectly clear that capital punishment in our state has
been imposed in an 'arbitrary and racially biased manner,' is 'unequally
applied' and serves no criminal justice goal," Inslee added. "This is a hugely
important moment in our pursuit for equal and fair application of justice."
The ACLU noted the ruling makes Washington the 20th state in the U.S. to ban
the death penalty, but the group said it "won't stop fighting until it's struck
down everywhere in America."
As Slate reports:
the court held Thursday that capital punishment is imposed in "an arbitrary and
racially biased manner" and "fails to serve any legitimate penological goals."
The problems go beyond race: Most prosecutors in the state have stopped seeking
the death penalty, so all current capital sentences arise from just 6 of
Washington’s 39 counties. The location of your crime may therefore determine
whether you live or die. This "random" and "capricious" application of the
ultimate punishment, the court ruled, fatally undermines any state interest
"retribution and deterrence of capital crimes by prospective offenders."
There are currently 8 inmates on Washington's death row. The court converted
their sentences to life imprisonment and forbade the state from conducting any
further executions. Because its ruling is based entirely in the state
constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court cannot overturn it. And the court left no
room for future reconsideration of its unanimous decision. Capital punishment
is over in Washington State.
Jeff Robinson, deputy legal director and director of the ACLU's Trone Center
for Justice at the American Civil Liberties Union, said the court recognized
clearly that racial bias remains at the heart of "who should and who should
die" in the America's skewed justice system.
"There is nothing unique about the role racism played in Washington's death
penalty," said Robinson. "What is rare is the Supreme Court’s willingness to
call out the truth that has always been there."
Noting that both conscious and unconscious racial bias "plays a role in the
death penalty decisions across America, influencing who faces this ultimate
punishment, who sits on the jury, what kind of victim impact and mitigation
evidence is used, and who is given life or death," Robinson said that this kind
of "disparity can be described by many words - but justice is not one of them."
Human rights groups and other death penalty opponents said they hope that
others states, and ultimately the U.S. federal government, will now follow the
other 20 states and ban the death penalty nationwide:
"Washington's Supreme Court showed courage in refusing to allow racism to
infect life and death decisions," said the ACLU's Robinson. "Let's hope that
courage is contagious."
(source: commondreams.org)
********************
Bellingham teen-killer’s death sentence commuted due to state Supreme Court
ruling
A Whatcom County man sentenced to death for the 1995 rape and murder of a
teenage girl will have his sentence converted to life in prison due to a
Washington state Supreme Court unanimous ruling that says the death penalty, as
applied, violates the state Constitution.
5 of the justices argued in the Thursday opinion the "death penalty is invalid
because it is imposed in an arbitrary and racially biased manner," while the
other 4 said additional state principles applied, the Associated Press
reported.
All justices agreed that the 8 people currently on death row, which includes
Clark Richard Elmore of Whatcom County, should have their sentences converted
to life in prison.
In late December 2016, Gov. Jay Inslee granted his 1st reprieve for a death-row
inmate to Elmore. The Whatcom man was sentenced to death for killing his
girlfriend's 14-year-old daughter, Kristy Lynn Ohnstad, in a van south of Lake
Samish in April 1995. Elmore raped Ohnstad, choked her, drove a metal skewer
through her skull, beat her with a sledgehammer and dumped her body in the
woods off Nulle Road, according to previous reports in The Bellingham Herald.
Elmore led his own search party and told local media the police weren't trying
hard enough to find Ohnstad. Elmore initially fled to Oregon after Ohnstad's
body was found, but later returned to Bellingham and turned himself in, The
Herald reported.
Elmore pleaded guilty to aggravated 1st-degree murder and was sentenced to
death May 3, 1996. Since that time, Elmore appealed in the hopes of having his
sentence overturned. In October 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear
his case and several weeks later the U.S. 9th Circuit denied a rehearing.
Elmore's execution was then scheduled for Jan. 19, 2017. Elmore, who was 1 of 9
inmates on death row at the time in the state penitentiary in Walla Walla, was
the 1st to exhaust all of his appeals.
In light of the new state Supreme Court ruling, Elmore's sentence will be
commuted to life in prison without the possibility of parole, as Inslee's order
of reprieve only stayed his execution date at the time. He remains on death row
in Walla Walla.
(source: bellinghamherald.com)
USA:
Supreme Court examines dementia, health issues in death penalty cases
The U.S. Supreme Court, no stranger to death penalty cases, is looking very
narrowly at 2 aspects of capital punishment this term: if an inmate with
dementia should be executed if he has no memory of the crime he committed 3
decades ago and if a death-row prisoner with a specific health problem can be
executed by a less painful manner because of his condition.
These 2 cases "put the unworkability and inhumanity of capital punishment on
full display," said Krisanne Vaillancourt Murphy, executive director of
Catholic Mobilizing Network, a group that champions restorative justice and an
end to the death penalty.
She said state prison systems are increasingly "faced with the question of how
to execute people with severe mental and physical health problems" particularly
since America's death-row populations are getting older and the average
death-row inmate spends 15 years awaiting execution.
"Harsh living conditions, including solitary confinement, only further
exacerbate physical and mental illness," she added.
The court heard oral arguments Oct. 2, the second day of its new term, about
the pending execution of Vernon Madison, an Alabama man who killed a police
officer 30 years ago. He has suffered strokes in recent years that left him
blind and with vascular dementia and significant memory loss. He cannot tell
what season or day it is, nor does he remember committing the crime.
This case, Madison v. Alabama, was argued before eight judges while Justice
Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation was on hold. The court has already held that
states may not execute the mentally ill or the intellectually disabled but has
not ruled on those with dementia. This case also examines whether someone can
be executed if they were mentally capable when they committed the crime but
later developed cognitive impairments.
During arguments, the judges appeared to lean in Madison's favor, but this also
is a new bench without Justice Anthony Kennedy, who in recent years played a
key role in the court's opposition to the death penalty. He wrote the majority
opinion in the court's 2007 decision saying people who cannot understand their
punishments cannot be executed and in its 2005 ruling that juvenile offenders
could not be executed. Both decisions had 5-4 votes.
Kavanaugh will not vote on the Madison case, but the court could decide to have
it retried if it reaches a split vote.
During arguments, Bryan Stevenson, founder and executive director of the Equal
Justice Initiative, a nonprofit organization for prisoners' rights based in
Montgomery, Alabama, told the court that it is simply not humane to execute
someone who is disabled, confused or fragile. He also put it this way: "No
penological justification or retributive value can be found in executing a
severely impaired and incompetent prisoner."
But the state saw it differently.
Alabama Deputy Attorney General Thomas Govan said the state still deserves to
win "retribution for a heinous crime," and described Madison's claim as
"unprecedented."
Justice Stephen Breyer, who has been the court's leading death penalty
opponent, said Madison's numerous impairments are not unusual since death-row
prisoners are older on average than they used to be and have been awaiting
execution for 20 to 40 years.
"This will become a more common problem," Breyer said, adding that a narrow
ruling in Madison's favor might prevent similar cases from flooding the courts.
The other death penalty case before the court is Bucklew v. Precythe. Russell
Bucklew is on Missouri's death row for a 1986 murder. He suffers from a rare
medical condition that causes blood-filled tumors in his head, neck and throat,
which can easily rupture. His attorneys have argued that the state's lethal
injection protocol would be more gruesome and cause more suffering than if he
were put to death by lethal gas, which the state does not have the protocol to
use.
Kavanaugh will hear the oral arguments in this case before the court Nov. 6,
but how he will vote on a death penalty case is still pretty much unknown
since, as a federal appeals court judge, he rarely heard capital punishment
cases.
Garrett Epps, a law professor at the University of Baltimore, wrote in the
Sept. 18 issue of The Atlantic that however the Bucklew case is resolved, it
shows "how fully the court has become enmeshed in the sordid details of
official killing. As the population of death row ages, issues of age-related
disease and dementia will become more important in assessing individual death
warrants, and the court will be the last stop for those challenged."
Vaillancourt Murphy said it is not likely that many Catholics are paying
attention to either of these cases before the court, but she said there has
been an increased interest among Catholics to understand what capital
punishment means in modern society particularly since the catechism was revised
in early August calling the use of the death penalty "inadmissible."
"This added clarity in Catholic teaching is a welcome validation of the
church's pro-life stance. We are called to uphold the sacred dignity of every
human person, no matter the harm someone has caused," she said in an Oct. 9
email to Catholic News Service.
She said Catholics "should pay attention to these cases because they serve as
important measures of how the highest court in the land is working to defend or
disregard human life."
"As believers and as U.S. citizens, we should be prepared for more cases
resembling these to go before the court in coming years," she added. "The
conundrum of America's aging death rows is not going to go away."
(source: National Catholic Reporter)
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